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• ♦Manual Notice2001-1
• ►1. Organizational Overview
  • ►1. This Manual
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Bridge Design Manual Format
  • ►2. Evolution of the TxDOT Bridge Division
    • ♦Origin of the TxDOT Bridge Division
    • ♦1940s and 1950s
    • ♦Recent Years
• ►2. TxDOT and Bridge Design
  • ►1. Coordinating with TxDOT Divisions and Sections
    • ♦Overview
  • ►2. Primary Responsibilities of the Bridge Design Section
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Structural Design
    • ♦Preparation and Approval of Working Drawings
  • ►3. Coordination Responsibilities of the Bridge Design Section
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Overweight/Oversize Permits
    • ♦Structures Research Management Committee (RMC 5)
    • ♦Preliminary Consultation Regarding Structure Type
    • ♦Consultation During Plan Preparation by Others
    • ♦Scheduling Plan Work
    • ♦Oversight
    • ♦Interaction with Outside Agencies
  • ►4. Contractive Responsibilities of the Bridge Design Section
    • ♦Overview
• ▼3. Design Specifications
  • ►1. Mandatory Specifications
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
    • ♦AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires and Traffic Signals (D1.1)
    • ♦ANSI/AASHTO/AWS Bridge Welding Code (D1.5)
    • ♦AREMA Specifications
    • ♦Individual Railroad Company Requirements
  • ►2. Guide Specifications
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦AASHTO Guide Specifications
  • ▼3. Industry Recommendations
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Concrete
    • ♦Steel
    • ♦Materials
• ►4. Geometric Restraints
  • ►1. Bridge Width
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Practice
  • ►2. Bridge Span Length
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Grade Separations
    • ♦Stream Crossings
    • ♦Marine Bridges
  • ►3. Horizontal and Vertical Clearances
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Highway Grade Separations
    • ♦Stream Crossings
    • ♦Railroad Overpasses
    • ♦Railroad Underpasses
    • ♦Pedestrian Bridges and Non-redundant Bridge Supports
    • ♦Sign Bridges
    • ♦Intracoastal Canal Bridges
    • ♦Bridges over International Shipping Lanes
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 4-2
  • ►4. Alignment
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Practice
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►5. Stage Construction
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Existing Structure Removal
    • ♦New Substructure
    • ♦New Superstructure
• ►5. Preliminary Considerations
  • ►1. Materials
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Concrete
    • ♦Structural Steel
    • ♦Prestressing Steel
    • ♦Reinforcing Steel
    • ♦Timber
    • ♦Aluminum
    • ♦Neoprene
    • ♦Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites
    • ♦Miscellaneous Materials
  • ►2. Structure Type
    • ♦Superstructure
    • ♦Explanatory notes for Figure 5-1
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-2
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-3
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-4
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-5
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-6
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-7
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-8
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-9
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-10
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-11
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-12
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-13
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 5-14
    • ♦Substructure
    • ♦Foundation
  • ♦3. Economics
  • ♦4. Aesthetics
  • ♦5. Corrosion Problems
  • ♦6. Railing
• ►6. General Design Controls
  • ►1. Specifications
    • ♦AASHTO Specifications
    • ♦FHWA and Industry Participation
    • ♦Recent Changes
    • ♦AREMA Specifications
    • ♦Wind-Sensitive Structures
  • ►2. Loading
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦AASHTO Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 6-1
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 6.2
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 6-3
    • ♦Explanatory Notes for Figure 6-4
    • ♦AREMA Specifications
    • ♦AASHTO Standard Specifications of Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals
  • ►3. Load Distribution
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Load Distribution
    • ♦Horizontal Loads
  • ►4. Design Methods
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦AASHTO Specifications
    • ♦AREMA Specifications
    • ♦AASHTO Standard Specifications for Structural Supports for Highway Signs, Luminaires, and Traffic Signals
  • ►5. Design Philosophy
    • ♦Design Evolution
    • ♦Design Considerations
    • ♦Maintenance Considerations
    • ♦Design Notes
• ►7. Superstructure Design
  • ►1. One-Way Deck Slabs on Stringers
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Design Specifications
    • ♦Design Stress
    • ♦Concrete Cover
    • ♦Design Methods
    • ♦Prestressed Concrete Panels
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Deck Continuity for Simple Spans
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►2. Two-Way Deck Slabs on Stringers
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►3. Simple Concrete Slab Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦History
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►4. Continuous Concrete Slab Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►5. Simple Concrete Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►6. Concrete Pan Form Slab and Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Problems
    • ♦Maintenance Problems
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►7. Continuous Concrete Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►8. Concrete Box Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►9. Prestressed Concrete Deck Slabs
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►10. Prestressed Continuous Slab Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Problems
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►11. Prestressed Simple Slab and Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►12. Prestressed Pan Form Slab and Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►13. Prestressed Continuous Concrete Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►14. Prestressed Cast-in-Place Box Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►15. Prestressed Segmental Box Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Span-by-Span Construction
    • ♦Balanced Cantilever
    • ♦Projects
    • ♦Design and Construction Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►16. Prestressed TxDOT Box Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Problems
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►17. Prestressed AASHTO/PCI Box Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►18. Prestressed Slab Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations (Houston’s Slab Beam Only)
  • ►19. Prestressed Single Tee Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►20. Prestressed Double Tee Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►21. Prestressed Simple I-Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Standard Span and Bent Details
    • ♦Modified Shapes
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Long-Term Performance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►22. Prestressed Cantilever/Drop-In I-Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►23. Prestressed Continuous for Live Load I-Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►24. Prestressed U-Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►25. Rolled Steel I-Beam Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►26. Steel Plate Girder Spans
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Erection Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►27. Trapezoidal Box Girders
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
• ►8. Substructure Design
  • ►1. Abutments
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►2. Interior Bents
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations – Rectangular Caps
    • ♦Design Recommendations – Inverted Tee Caps
    • ♦Design Recommendations – Steel Box Girders
    • ♦Design Recommendations – Integral Steel I-Girders
    • ♦Design Recommendations – Integral Prestressed Concrete
    • ♦General Design Recommendations for Columns
    • ♦Column Design – Multi-Column Bents
    • ♦Column Design – Single-Column Bents
    • ♦Steel Columns
    • ♦Prestressed Concrete Columns
    • ♦Foundation Loads
    • ♦Footings
  • ►3. Piers
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
    • ♦Seal Design
  • ♦4. Pier Protection
• ►9. Special Designs
  • ►1. Widenings
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►2. Strengthenings
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►3. Deck Replacements
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►4. Raisings
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►5. Railroad Underpasses
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Superstructure Type
    • ♦Recent Examples
    • ♦Design Recommendations
    • ♦AREMA Specifications
    • ♦Crash Walls for Railroad Overpasses
  • ►6. Pedestrian Underpasses
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►7. Historic Bridges
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►8. Long Span Bridges
    • ♦Truss Spans
    • ♦Arch Spans
    • ♦Cable-Stayed Spans
  • ►9. Bridge Railing
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Retrofit Railing
  • ►10. Expansion Joints
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►11. Bearings
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Fabrication Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►12. Anchor Bolts
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►13. Deck Drainage
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►14. Reinforced Concrete Box Culverts
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Early Designs
    • ♦Recent Changes
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►15. Reinforced Concrete Pipe
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►16. Corrugated Metal Pipe
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►17. Structural Plate Structures
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►18. Long Span Structural Plate Structures
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►19. Sign Support Structures
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Design Issues
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►20. High Mast Illumination Poles
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►21. Traffic Signal Poles
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►22. Sound Walls
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►23. Wildlife Issues
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
• ►10. Foundation Design
  • ►1. Vertical Resistance
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Bridge Foundation Design Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►2. Lateral Loads and Resistance
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►3. Retaining Walls
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Construction Issues
    • ♦Maintenance Issues
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
  • ►4. Slope Stability
    • ♦Background
    • ♦Current Status
    • ♦Design Recommendations
• ►A. References
• ►B. Supplemental Design Criteria for Prestressed Concrete U Beams
• ►C. Design Formulas for Inverted Tee Bents
• ►D. Load vs. Moment Interaction Diagrams

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Section 3: Industry Recommendations

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Overview

Industry recommendations are valuable to the structural designer. The specifications produced usually have the backing of leaders in the industry and also experts from universities and other research agencies nationwide.

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Concrete

Concrete design is the subject of these publications:

• American Concrete Institute Specifications(ACI)
• Prestressed Concrete Institute Manual (PCI)
• Post-Tensioning Institute Manual (PTI)

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Steel

Structural steel design is the subject of these publications:

• American Institute of Steel Construction Specification and Manual (AISC)
• American Iron and Steel Institute Manual (AISI)

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Materials

Specifications for a wide range of materials are contained in several volumes of American Society of Testing and Materials publications.