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• ♦Manual Notice 2005-1
• ►1. Introduction
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Summary
    • ♦Documentation of Authority
    • ♦Laws and Standards
    • ♦Purpose of the TxDOT GPS User’s Manual
    • ♦Scope
    • ♦Organization of Chapters
  • ►2. Chapter Descriptions
    • ♦About this Section
    • ♦Chapter 2, Background
    • ♦Chapter 3, Accuracy Standards
    • ♦Chapter 4, Equipment and Resources
    • ♦Chapter 5, Network Design
    • ♦Chapter 6, GPS Survey Specifications
    • ♦Chapter 7, Units, Data, and Metadata
    • ♦Chapter 8, Project Documentation and Deliverables to TxDOT
    • ♦Appendix A, References
    • ♦Appendix B, Glossary
    • ♦Hyperlinks
    • ♦How to Get Help
    • ♦Printing
• ▼2. Background
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Purpose
  • ►2. Surveying with GPS
    • ♦Survey Background Information
    • ♦Accuracy of a GPS Survey
    • ♦Error Sources in a GPS Survey
    • ♦Operational Procedures
  • ►3. Surveying Vertical Networks with GPS
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Ellipsoid Measurements
    • ♦Height Component
  • ►4. Coordinate Systems
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) and Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
    • ♦Cooperative CORS Stations
    • ♦FBN and CBN
• ►3. Accuracy Standards
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Summary
  • ►2. GPS Survey Accuracy
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Federal Geographic Data Committee Methodology
  • ►3. Local and Network Accuracy
    • ♦Standards
    • ♦Positional Tolerance and Associated Coordinates
    • ♦Federal Geodetic Data Committee (FGDC) Standards
    • ♦TxDOT Standards
  • ►4. Standards and Specifications
    • ♦Standards and Specifications Issues
    • ♦Accuracy Levels and Specifications
    • ♦Statistical Analyses
    • ♦Terminology
• ►4. Equipment and Resources
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Summary
  • ►2. Instruments
    • ♦GPS Receiver
    • ♦GPS Antenna
    • ♦GPS-RTK Rover Rod
    • ♦Tripods
    • ♦Tribrachs
    • ♦Instrumentation Requirements
    • ♦Personnel
  • ►3. Internet Resources
    • ♦The CORS Site
    • ♦Retrieving Data from the CORS Site
    • ♦Obtaining Coordinates from the CORS Site
    • ♦OPUS
    • ♦NGS Description of OPUS
    • ♦NGS OPUS Requirements
    • ♦Useful Web Sites
    • ♦Retrieving Data from TxDOT
• ►5. Network Design
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Summary
  • ►2. Design Features
    • ♦Control
    • ♦Orthometric Heigth
    • ♦Network Baseline
    • ♦Accuracy Standards for Network Baseline
    • ♦Example of a Network Design Procedure
• ►6. GPS Survey Specification
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Scope
  • ►2. Specifications
    • ♦Overview
  • ►3. Planning
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Reconnaissance
    • ♦Monumentation for New Stations
    • ♦Naming Convention for Level 1 and Level 2 Monuments
    • ♦Control Point Data Sheet Form
    • ♦GPS Control Point
    • ♦Satellite Health and Availability
    • ♦Sky Visibility
    • ♦Satellite Geometry
    • ♦Space Weather Considerations
  • ►4. Monumentation
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Monumentation Guidelines
  • ►5. Survey Methods
    • ♦Static Positioning
    • ♦FastStatic (Rapid Static) Positioning
    • ♦Post-Processed Kinematic (PPK) Positioning
    • ♦Real-time Kinematic (RTK) Positioning
  • ►6. Field Survey Operations and Procedures
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦TxDOT Survey Levels
    • ♦Level 1 Surveys
    • ♦Level 2 Surveys
    • ♦Level 3 Surveys
    • ♦Level 4 Surveys
    • ♦Level 5 Surveys
    • ♦Level 6 Surveys
    • ♦Level 7 Surveys
    • ♦Field Quality Control
    • ♦Monument Identification
    • ♦Data Collection Forms
    • ♦Static Observation Field Procedures
    • ♦RTK Field Procedures
    • ♦Rover Settings
    • ♦Rover Initialization
    • ♦RTK for Wing Panels
    • ♦RTK for Topographical Surveys
  • ►7. Data Processing
    • ♦Overview
    • ♦Orbit Ephemeris
    • ♦Atmospheric Error Reduction
    • ♦Baseline Processing
    • ♦Troubleshooting Problematic Baselines
    • ♦Baseline Analysis
    • ♦Baseline Processing Reports
    • ♦Comparison of Redundant Baselines
    • ♦Loop Closure Reports
    • ♦Data Adjustment Analysis
    • ♦Minimally Constrained Adjustment
    • ♦Fully Constrained Adjustment
    • ♦Orthometric Height Determination
• ►7. Units, Datum and Metadata
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Purpose
  • ►2. Units and Datum
    • ♦Units
    • ♦Datum
    • ♦Surface Coordinates vs. State Plane Grid Coordinates
  • ►3. Metadata
    • ♦Identifying Delivered Coordinates
    • ♦Conversions and Transformations
• ►8. Project Documentation and Deliverables to TxDOT
  • ►1. Overview
    • ♦Purpose
    • ♦Scope
  • ►2. Project Documentation
    • ♦Printed Technical Reports
    • ♦Digital Data
    • ♦Control Point Data Sheets
  • ►3. Project Deliverables
    • ♦Validation Surveys
• ►A. References
• ►B. Glossary

Chapter 2: Background

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Section 1: Overview

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Purpose

The purpose of this chapter is to provide the user with general information regarding the use of GPS for design grade surveying. Outlined survey processes provide an understanding of relationships and their components.