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• ♦Manual Notice 2011-1
• ►1. Manual Introduction
  • ►1. About this Manual
    • ♦Purpose
    • ♦Conventions and Assumptions
    • ♦Organization
    • ♦Feedback
  • ♦2. Introduction to Hydraulic Analysis and Design
• ►2. Hydraulic Practices and Governing Law
  • ♦1. Overview
  • ►2. Federal Laws, Regulations, and Agencies Governing Hydraulic Design
    • ♦National Flood Insurance Program
    • ♦Executive Order 11988
    • ♦National Environmental Policy Act
    • ♦Rivers and Harbors Act
    • ♦Clean Water Act
    • ♦23 Code of Federal Regulations 650 Subpart A
    • ♦23 Code of Federal Regulations 650 Subparts C and H
    • ♦Memoranda of Understanding (Federal)
  • ►3. State Statutes and Rules Governing Hydraulic Design
    • ♦Texas Water Code Chapter 11
    • ♦Texas Water Code Chapter 16 Subchapter I
    • ♦Title 30 Texas Administrative Code Chapter 299
    • ♦Title 43 Texas Administrative Code Rule 15.54(e)
    • ♦Memoranda of Understanding (State)
    • ♦Texas Executive Order D.B. No. 34
  • ♦4. Policies, Standard Practices, Requirements, and Guidance
  • ►5. Roles and Responsibilities for Hydraulic Analysis and Design
    • ♦Area/ Design Office Engineers
    • ♦TxDOT Contract Managers
    • ♦TxDOT Project Managers
    • ♦District Hydraulics Engineers
    • ♦Design Division Hydraulics Branch (DES-HYD)
  • ♦6. Local Agency Ordinances and Requirements
  • ♦7. Responding to Drainage Complaints
  • ♦8. Developments Connecting into TxDOT Hydraulic Structures
  • ♦9. Dams
• ►3. Processes and Procedures in TxDOT Hydrologic and Hydraulic Activities
  • ♦1. Overview
  • ►2. Scope of Hydrologic and Hydraulic Activities
    • ♦Hydraulic Considerations for Rehabilitated Structures
    • ♦Hydraulic Considerations for New Structures
  • ►3. Evaluation of Risk
    • ♦Risk Assessment Forms
  • ►4. Design Activities by Project Phase
    • ♦Planning and Programming
    • ♦Preliminary Design
    • ♦Environmental
    • ♦PS&E Development
  • ►5. Documentation and Deliverables
    • ♦Key Elements of Hydraulic Documentation
    • ♦Special Documentation Requirements for Projects crossing NFIP designated SFHA
    • ♦Permanent Retention of Documentation
    • ♦Documentation Reference Tables
• ►4. Hydrology
  • ♦1. Hydrology’s Role in Hydraulic Design
  • ►2. Probability of Exceedance
    • ♦Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)
    • ♦Design AEP
  • ►3. Hydrology Policies and Standards
    • ♦General Guidelines
    • ♦Third Party Studies
    • ♦Hydraulic Design for Existing Land Use Conditions
    • ♦Effect on Existing Facilities
  • ♦4. Hydrology Study Requirements
  • ►5. Hydrology Study Data Requirements
    • ♦Hydrology Analysis Methods
    • ♦Data Requirements Vary with Method Used
    • ♦Geographic and Geometric Properties of the Watershed
    • ♦Land Use, Natural Storage, Vegetative Cover, and Soil Property Information
    • ♦Description of the Drainage Features of the Watershed
    • ♦Rainfall Observations and Statistics of the Precipitation
    • ♦Streamflow Observations and Statistics of the Streamflow
  • ♦6. Design Flood and Check Flood Standards
  • ♦7. Selection of the Appropriate Method for Calculating Runoff
  • ♦8. Validation of Results from the Chosen Method
  • ►9. Statistical Analysis of Stream Gauge Data
    • ♦Data Requirements for Statistical Analysis
    • ♦Log-Pearson Type III Distribution Fitting Procedure
    • ♦Skew
    • ♦Accommodation of Outliers
    • ♦Transposition of Gauge Analysis Results
  • ►10. Regression Equations Method
    • ♦Procedure for Using Omega EM Regression Equations for Natural Basins
  • ►11. Time of Concentration
    • ♦Kerby-Kirpich Method
    • ♦The Kerby Method
    • ♦The Kirpich Method
    • ♦Application of the Kerby-Kirpich Method
    • ♦Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Method for Estimating tc
    • ♦Sheet Flow Time Calculation
    • ♦Shallow Concentrated Flow
    • ♦Channel Flow
    • ♦Manning’s Roughness Coefficient Values
  • ►12. Rational Method
    • ♦Assumptions and Limitations
    • ►Procedure for using the Rational Method
    • ►Runoff Coefficients
  • ►13. Hydrograph Method
    • ♦Design Storm Development
    • ►Rainfall Temporal Distribution
    • ►Models for Estimating Losses
  • ♦14. References
  • ►15. Glossary of Hydrology Terms
    • ♦Annual Exceedance Probability (AEP)
    • ♦Annual Flood
    • ♦Annual Flood Series
    • ♦Antecedent Conditions
    • ♦Area-Capacity Curve
    • ♦Attenuation
    • ♦Backwater
    • ♦Bank
    • ♦Bank Storage
    • ♦Bankfull Stage
    • ♦Base Discharge (for peak discharge)
    • ♦Baseflow
    • ♦Basic Hydrologic Data
    • ♦Basic-Stage Flood Series
    • ♦Bifurcation
    • ♦Binomial Statistical Distribution
    • ♦Boundary Condition
    • ♦Calibration
    • ♦Canopy-Interception
    • ♦Channel (watercourse)
    • ♦Channel Storage
    • ♦Computation Duration
    • ♦Computation Interval
    • ♦Concentration Time
    • ♦Confluence
    • ♦Continuous Model
    • ♦Correlation
    • ♦Dendritic
    • ♦Depression Storage
    • ♦Design Flood
    • ♦Design Storm
    • ♦Detention Basin
    • ♦Diffusion
    • ♦Direct Runoff
    • ♦Discharge
    • ♦Discharge Rating Curve
    • ♦Distribution Graph (distribution hydrograph)
    • ♦Diversion
    • ♦Drainage Area
    • ♦Drainage Divide
    • ♦Duration Curve
    • ♦ET
    • ♦Effective Precipitation (rainfall)
    • ♦Evaporation
    • ♦Evaporation Demand
    • ♦Evaporation Pan
    • ♦Evaporation, Total
    • ♦Evapotranspiration
    • ♦Event-Based Model
    • ♦Exceedance Probability
    • ♦Excess Precipitation
    • ♦Excessive Rainfall
    • ♦Falling Limb
    • ♦Field Capacity
    • ♦Field-Moisture Deficiency
    • ♦Flood
    • ♦Flood Crest
    • ♦Flood Event
    • ♦Flood Peak
    • ♦Floodplain
    • ♦Flood Profile
    • ♦Flood Routing
    • ♦Flood Stage
    • ♦Flood Wave
    • ♦Flood, Maximum Probable
    • ♦Flood-Frequency Curve
    • ♦Floodway
    • ♦Flow-Duration Curve
    • ♦Gauging Station
    • ♦Ground Water
    • ♦Groundwater Outflow
    • ♦Groundwater Runoff
    • ♦Hydraulic Radius
    • ♦Hydrograph
    • ♦Hydrologic Budget
    • ♦Hydrologic Cycle
    • ♦Hydrology
    • ♦Hyetograph
    • ♦Index Precipitation
    • ♦Infiltration
    • ♦Infiltration Capacity
    • ♦Infiltration Index
    • ♦Inflection Point
    • ♦Initial Condition
    • ♦Interception
    • ♦Isohyetal Line
    • ♦Lag
    • ♦Lag Time
    • ♦Loss
    • ♦Mass Curve
    • ♦Maximum Probable Flood
    • ♦Meander
    • ♦Model
    • ♦Moisture
    • ♦Objective Function
    • ♦Overland Flow
    • ♦Parameter
    • ♦Parameter Estimation
    • ♦Partial-Duration Flood Series
    • ♦Peak Flow
    • ♦Peak Stage
    • ♦Percolation
    • ♦PMF
    • ♦Precipitation
    • ♦Precipitation, Probable Maximum
    • ♦Probability of Capacity Exceedance
    • ♦Probability of Exceedance
    • ♦Rain
    • ♦Rainfall
    • ♦Rainfall Excess
    • ♦Rating Curve
    • ♦Reach
    • ♦Recession Curve
    • ♦Recurrence Interval (return period)
    • ♦Regulation, Regulated
    • ♦Reservoir
    • ♦Residual-Mass Curve
    • ♦Retention Basin
    • ♦Rising Limb
    • ♦Runoff
    • ♦Saturation Zone
    • ♦NRCS Curve Number
    • ♦Snow
    • ♦Soil Moisture Accounting (SMA)
    • ♦Soil Moisture (soil water)
    • ♦Soil Profile
    • ♦Stage
    • ♦Stage-Capacity Curve
    • ♦Stage-Discharge Curve (rating curve)
    • ♦Stage-Discharge Relation
    • ♦Stemflow
    • ♦Storage
    • ♦Storm
    • ♦Stream
    • ♦Stream Gauging
    • ♦Streamflow
    • ♦Stream-Gauging Station
    • ♦Sublimation
    • ♦Surface Runoff
    • ♦Surface Water
    • ♦Tension Zone
    • ♦Time of Concentration
    • ♦Time of Rise
    • ♦Time to Peak
    • ♦TR-20
    • ♦TR-55
    • ♦Transpiration
    • ♦Underflow
    • ♦Unit Hydrograph
    • ♦Vadose Zone
    • ♦Water Year
    • ♦Watershed
    • ♦WinTR-55
• ►5. NFIP Design of Floodplain Enchroachments & Cross Drainage Structures
  • ♦1. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP)
  • ►2. Definitions
    • ♦Types of Flood Zones (Risk Flood Insurance Zone Designations)
  • ►3. NFIP Roles
    • ♦Participation
    • ♦Floodplain Administrator
    • ♦Texas
    • ♦Non-participating Communities
  • ►4. TxDOT and the NFIP
    • ♦Texas and the NFIP
    • ♦TxDOT and Local Floodplain Regulations
    • ♦Permits versus FPA Notification
    • ►Hydraulic Structures versus Insurable Structures
  • ►5. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Studies
    • ♦Before starting the design
    • ♦If the project is within a participating community
    • ►If the project is within or crossing an SFHA
  • ►6. Hydrologic and Hydraulic Results
    • ♦Changes to the BFE
    • ♦Range of Frequencies
    • ♦Conditional Letter Of Map Revision (CLOMR)/Letter Of Map Revision (LOMR)
    • ♦FPA Notification Details
    • ♦Communities Without an FPA
• ►6. Hydraulic Principles
  • ►1. Open Channel Flow
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Continuity and Velocity
    • ♦Channel Capacity
    • ♦Conveyance
    • ♦Energy Equations
    • ♦Energy Balance Equation
    • ♦Depth of Flow
    • ♦Froude Number
    • ♦Flow Types
    • ♦Cross Sections
    • ♦Roughness Coefficients
    • ♦Subdividing Cross Sections
    • ♦Importance of Correct Subdivision
  • ►2. Flow in Conduits
    • ♦Open Channel Flow or Pressure Flow
    • ♦Depth in Conduits
    • ♦Roughness Coefficients
    • ♦Energy
    • ♦Steep Slope versus Mild Slope
  • ►3. Hydraulic Grade Line Analysis
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Hydraulic Grade Line Considerations
    • ♦Stage versus Discharge Relation
    • ♦Conservation of Energy Calculation
    • ♦Minor Energy Loss Attributions
    • ♦Entrance Control
    • ♦Hydraulic Grade Line Procedure
• ►7. Channels
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Open Channel Types
    • ♦Methods Used for Depth of Flow Calculations
  • ►2. Stream Channel Planning Considerations and Design Criteria
    • ♦Location Alternative Considerations
    • ♦Phase Planning Assessments
    • ♦Environmental Assessments
    • ►Consultations with Respective Agencies
    • ♦Stream Channel Criteria
  • ►3. Roadside Channel Design
    • ♦Roadside Drainage Channels
    • ♦Channel Linings
    • ♦Rigid versus Flexible Lining
    • ♦Channel Lining Design Procedure
    • ♦Trial Runs
  • ►4. Stream Stability Issues
    • ♦Stream Geomorphology
    • ♦Stream Classification
    • ♦Modification to Meandering
    • ♦Graded Stream and Poised Stream Modification
    • ♦Modification Guidelines
    • ♦Realignment Evaluation Procedure
    • ♦Response Possibilities and Solutions
    • ♦Environmental Mitigation Measures
    • ♦Countermeasures
    • ♦Altered Stream Sinuosity
    • ♦Stabilization and Bank Protection
    • ♦Revetments
  • ►5. Channel Analysis Guidelines
    • ♦Stage-Discharge Relationship
    • ♦Switchback
  • ►6. Channel Analysis Methods
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Slope Conveyance Method
    • ♦Slope Conveyance Procedure
    • ♦Standard Step Backwater Method
    • ♦Standard Step Data Requirements
    • ♦Standard Step Procedure
    • ♦Profile Convergence
• ►8. Culverts
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Definition and Purpose
    • ♦Construction
    • ♦Inlets
  • ►2. Design Considerations
    • ♦Economics
    • ♦Site Data
    • ♦Culvert Location
    • ♦Waterway Considerations
    • ♦Roadway Data
    • ♦Allowable Headwater
    • ♦Outlet Velocity
    • ♦End Treatments
    • ♦Traffic Safety
    • ♦Culvert Selection
    • ♦Culvert Shapes
    • ♦Multiple Barrel Boxes
    • ♦Design versus Analysis
    • ♦Culvert Design Process
    • ♦Design Guidelines and Procedure for Culverts
  • ►3. Hydraulic Operation of Culverts
    • ♦Parameters
    • ♦Headwater under Inlet Control
    • ♦Headwater under Outlet Control
    • ♦Energy Losses through Conduit
    • ♦Free Surface Flow (Type A)
    • ♦Full Flow in Conduit (Type B)
    • ♦Full Flow at Outlet and Free Surface Flow at Inlet (Type BA)
    • ♦Free Surface at Outlet and Full Flow at Inlet (Type AB)
    • ♦Energy Balance at Inlet
    • ♦Slug Flow
    • ♦Determination of Outlet Velocity
    • ♦Depth Estimation Approaches
    • ♦Direct Step Backwater Method
    • ♦Subcritical Flow and Steep Slope
    • ♦Supercritical Flow and Steep Slope
    • ♦Hydraulic Jump in Culverts
    • ♦Sequent Depth
    • ♦Roadway Overtopping
    • ♦Performance Curves
    • ♦Exit Loss Considerations
  • ►4. Improved Inlets
    • ♦Inlet Use
  • ►5. Velocity Protection and Control Devices
    • ♦Excess Velocity
    • ♦Velocity Protection Devices
    • ♦Velocity Control Devices
    • ♦Broken Back Design and Provisions Procedure
    • ♦Energy Dissipators
  • ►6. Special Applications
    • ♦Detour Culverts
    • ♦Risk
    • ♦Engineering Requirements
• ►9. Bridges
  • ►1. Introduction and Definitions
    • ►Hydraulically Designed Bridges
  • ►2. Planning and Location Considerations
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Location Selection and Orientation Guidelines
    • ♦Environmental Considerations
    • ♦Water Resource Development Projects
    • ♦FEMA Designated Floodplains
    • ♦Stream Characteristics
    • ♦Procedure to Check Present Adequacy of Methods Used
  • ►3. Bridge Hydraulic Considerations
    • ♦Bridge/Culvert Determination
    • ♦Highway-Stream Crossing Analysis
    • ♦Flow through Bridges
    • ♦Backwater in Subcritical Flow
    • ♦Allowable Backwater Due to Bridges
    • ♦Flow Distribution
    • ♦Velocity
    • ♦Bridge Scour and Stream Degradation
    • ♦Freeboard
    • ♦Roadway/Bridge Profile
    • ♦Crossing Profile
    • ♦Single versus Multiple Openings
    • ♦Factors Affecting Bridge Length
  • ►4. Hydraulics of Bridge Openings
    • ♦Bridge Modeling Philosophy
    • ♦Bridge Alignment
    • ♦Flow Zones and Energy Losses
    • ♦Extent of Impact Determination
    • ♦Water Surface Profile Calculations
    • ♦Bridge Flow Class
    • ♦Zone 2 Loss Methods
    • ♦ Standard Step Backwater Method (used for Energy Balance Method computations)
    • ♦Momentum Balance Method
    • ♦WSPRO Contraction Loss Method
    • ♦Pressure Flow Method
    • ♦Empirical Energy Loss Method (HDS 1)
    • ♦Two-dimensional Techniques
    • ♦Roadway/Bridge Overflow Calculations
    • ♦Backwater Calculations for Parallel Bridges
  • ►5. Single and Multiple Opening Designs
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Single Opening Design Guidelines
    • ♦Multiple Opening Design Approach
    • ♦Multiple Bridge Design Procedural Flowchart
    • ♦Cumulative Conveyance Curve Construction
    • ♦Bridge Sizing and Energy Grade Levels
    • ►Freeboard Evaluation
  • ►6. Flood Damage Prevention
    • ♦Extent of Flood Damage Prevention Measures
    • ♦Pier Foundations
    • ♦Approach Embankments
    • ♦Abutments
    • ♦Guide Banks (Spur Dikes)
    • ♦Bank Stabilization and River Training Devices
    • ♦Minimization of Hydraulic Forces and Debris Impact on the Superstructure
  • ►7. Appurtenances
    • ♦Bridge Railing
    • ♦Deck Drainage
• ►10. Storm Drains
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Overview of Urban Drainage Design
    • ♦Overview of Storm Drain Design
  • ►2. System Planning and Design Considerations
    • ♦Design Checklist
    • ♦Problem Identification
    • ♦Schematic
    • ♦Material and Shape Selection
    • ♦Design Criteria
    • ♦Outfall Considerations and Features
    • ♦Special Outfall Appurtenances
    • ♦Utility Conflicts
    • ♦Construction
    • ♦Identification of Other Drainage Facilities
    • ♦Design Documentation
    • ♦Documentation Requirements
  • ►3. Runoff
    • ♦Hydrologic Considerations for Storm Drain Systems
    • ♦Flow Diversions
    • ♦Detention
    • ♦Determination of Runoff
    • ♦Other Hydrologic Methods
  • ►4. Pavement Drainage
    • ♦Design Objectives
    • ♦Ponding
    • ♦Transverse Slopes
    • ♦Use of Rough Pavement Texture
    • ♦Gutter Flow Design Equations
    • ♦Ponding on Continuous Grades
    • ♦Ponding at Approach to Sag Locations
    • ♦Hydroplaning
    • ♦Vehicle Speed in Relation to Hydroplaning
    • ♦Water Depth in Relation to Hydroplaning
  • ►5. Storm Drain Inlets
    • ♦Inlet Types
    • ♦Curb Opening Inlets
    • ♦Grate Inlets
    • ♦Slotted Drains
    • ♦Combination Inlets
    • ♦Inlets in Sag Configurations
    • ♦Median/Ditch Drains
    • ♦Inlet Locations
    • ♦Ponded Width Options
    • ♦Carryover Design Approach
    • ♦Curb Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Curb Inlets in Sag Configuration
    • ♦Slotted Drain Inlet Design
    • ♦Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Bicycle Safety for Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Design Procedure for Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Design Procedure for Grate Inlets in Sag Configurations
  • ►6. Conduit Systems
    • ♦Conduits
    • ♦Manholes
    • ♦Inverted Siphons
    • ♦Conduit Capacity Equations
    • ♦Conduit Design Procedure
    • ♦Conduit Analysis
  • ►7. Conduit Systems Energy Losses
    • ♦Minor Energy Loss Attributions
    • ♦Junction Loss Equation
    • ♦Exit Loss Equation
    • ♦Manhole Loss Equations
• ►11. Pump Stations
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Purpose of A Pump Station
    • ♦Security and Access Considerations
    • ♦Safety and Environmental Considerations
  • ►2. Pump Station Components
    • ♦Overview of Components
  • ►3. Pump Station Hydrology
    • ♦Methods for Design
    • ♦Procedure to Determine Mass Inflow
  • ►4. Pump Station Hydraulic Design Procedure
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Storage Design Guidelines
    • ♦Pump Selection
• ►12. Reservoirs
  • ♦1. Introduction
  • ►2. Coordination with Other Agencies
    • ♦Reservoir Agencies
    • ♦TxDOT Coordination
  • ►3. Reservoir Analysis Factors
    • ♦Hydrology Methods
    • ♦Flood Storage Potential
    • ♦Reservoir Discharge Facilities
  • ►4. Highways Downstream of Dams
    • ♦Peak Discharge
    • ♦Scour Considerations
    • ♦Design Adequacy
  • ►5. Highways Upstream of Dams
    • ♦New Location Highways
    • ♦Existing Highways
    • ♦Minimum Top Establishment
    • ♦Structure Location
    • ♦Scour Considerations
  • ►6. Embankment Protection
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Embankment Protection Location
    • ♦Rock Riprap
    • ♦Soil-Cement Riprap
    • ♦Articulated Riprap
    • ♦Concrete Riprap
    • ♦Vegetation
• ►13. Storm Water Management
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Storm Water Management and Best Management Practices
    • ♦Requirements for Construction Activities
    • ♦Storm Drain Systems Requirements
  • ►2. Soil Erosion Control Considerations
    • ♦Erosion Process
    • ♦Natural Drainage Patterns
    • ♦Stream Crossings
    • ♦Encroachments on Streams
    • ♦Public and Industrial Water Supplies and Watershed Areas
    • ♦Geology and Soils
    • ♦Coordination with Other Agencies
    • ♦Roadway Guidelines
    • ♦Severe Erosion Prevention in Earth Slopes
    • ♦Channel and Chute Design
  • ►3. Inspection and Maintenance of Erosion Control Measures
    • ♦Inspections
    • ♦Embankments and Cut Slopes
    • ♦Channels
    • ♦Repair to Storm Damage
    • ♦Erosion/Scour Problem Documentation
  • ►4. Quantity Management
    • ♦Impacts of Increased Runoff
    • ♦Storm Water Quantity Management Practices

Hydraulic Design Manual

October 2011

Copyright © 2011 by Texas Department of Transportation
All rights reserved.

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