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• ♦Manual Notice 2009-1
• ►1. Manual Introduction
  • ►1. About This Manual
    • ♦Non-discrimination
    • ♦Purpose
    • ♦Conventions and Assumptions
    • ♦Organization
    • ♦Feedback
  • ►2. Introduction to Hydraulic Design
    • ♦Description
• ►2. Policy and Guidelines
  • ►1. TxDOT Drainage-Related Policy
    • ♦General Policy
    • ♦FHWA Policy
    • ♦Texas Administrative Code on Drainage
    • ♦Texas Administrative Code on Reservoirs
    • ♦Texas Administrative Code on Irrigation Facilities
  • ►2. Drainage Complaint Guidelines and Procedure
    • ♦Complaints
    • ♦Specific Flood Event Facts
    • ♦Facts Regarding Highway Crossing Involved
  • ►3. Authority over Waters of the United States
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Constitutional Power
  • ►4. Required Hydraulic Analysis
    • ♦Function and Scope of Hydraulic Analysis
    • ♦Widening Existing Facilities
  • ►5. FEMA Policy and Procedure
    • ♦National Flood Insurance Program
    • ♦NFIP Maps
    • ♦Flood Insurance Study
    • ♦NFIP Participation Phases
    • ♦Regulated Floodplain Components
    • ♦Projects Requiring Coordination with FEMA
    • ♦Floodway Revisions and NFIP
    • ♦Allowable Floodway Encroachment
    • ♦Replacing Existing Structures
    • ♦Applicability of NFIP Criteria to TxDOT
    • ♦FEMA NFIP Map Revisions
    • ♦Hydrologic Data for FEMA Map Revisions
    • ♦NFIP Map Revision Request Procedure
• ►3. Types of Documentation
  • ►1. Types of Documentation
    • ♦Documentation Categories
  • ►2. Documentation Requirements and Guidelines
    • ♦Documentation Requirements for Existing Locations
    • ♦Documentation Reference Table
    • ♦TxDOT Recommended Guidelines
  • ►3. Documentation Review Stages
    • ♦Review Data
    • ♦Permanent Documentation Retention
• ►4. Data Collection, Evaluation, and Documentation
  • ♦1. Introduction
  • ►2. Site Investigation Data
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Drainage Area Characteristics
    • ♦Land Use
    • ♦Stream Course Data
    • ♦Geotechnical Information
    • ♦Adjacent Properties
  • ►3. Other Data Sources
    • ♦Highway Stream Crossing Design Data Sources
    • ♦Streamflow Data
    • ♦Climatological Data
  • ►4. Data Evaluation and Documentation
    • ♦Data Evaluation Procedure
    • ♦Data Documentation Items
    • ♦Other Considerations for Drainage Facilities
• ►5. Hydrology
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Description
    • ♦Peak Discharge versus Frequency Relations
    • ♦Flood Hydrographs
    • ♦Unit Hydrograph
    • ♦Interagency Coordination
  • ►2. Factors Affecting Floods
    • ♦Flood Factors
    • ♦Prediction Information
  • ►3. Design Frequency
    • ♦Concept of Frequency
    • ♦Frequency Determination
    • ♦Design by Frequency Selection
    • ♦Design by Cost Optimization or Risk Assessment
    • ♦Check Flood Frequencies
    • ♦Frequencies of Coincidental Occurrence
    • ♦Rainfall versus Flood Frequency
  • ►4. Hydrologic Method Selection
    • ♦Method Selection
    • ♦Hydrologic Methods
  • ►5. Time of Concentration
    • ♦Description
    • ♦Time of Concentration
    • ♦Procedure to Estimate Time of Concentration
    • ♦Peak Discharge Adjustments
    • ♦Overland Flow Path Selection
  • ►6. The Rational Method
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Assumptions of the Rational Method
    • ♦Applicability
    • ♦The Rational Method Equation
    • ♦Rainfall Intensity
    • ♦Runoff Coefficient
    • ♦Rational Procedure
  • ►7. NRCS Runoff Curve Number Methods
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦NRCS Runoff Curve Aspects
    • ♦Accumulated Rainfall (P)
    • ♦Rainfall Distribution
    • ♦Soil Groups
    • ♦Runoff Curve Number (RCN)
    • ♦Graphical Peak Discharge (TR 55) Procedure
    • ♦NRCS Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph
    • ♦Flood Hydrograph Determination Procedure
    • ♦Complex Watersheds
  • ►8. Design Rainfall Hyetograph Methods
    • ♦Use of the Rainfall Hyetograph
    • ♦Storm Distributions
    • ♦Storm Duration
    • ♦Depth-Duration-Frequency
    • ♦Intensity-Duration-Frequency
    • ♦Standardized Rainfall Hyetograph Development Procedure
    • ♦Standardized Rainfall Hyetograph Example
    • ♦Balanced Storm Method for Developing Hyetographs
  • ►9. Flood Hydrograph Routing Methods
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Storage Routing
    • ♦Hydrograph Storage Routing Method Components
    • ♦Storage Indication Routing Method
    • ♦Relationship Determination
    • ♦Storage-Indication Routing Procedure
    • ♦Channel Routing
  • ►10. Statistical Analysis of Stream Gauge Data
    • ♦Stream Gauge Data
    • ♦Log Pearson Type III Distribution and Procedure
    • ♦Skew
    • ♦Accommodating Outliers in the Data
    • ♦Transposition of Data
  • ►11. Regional Regression Methods and Equations
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Regression Methods and Equations
    • ♦Regional Regression Equations for Natural Basins
• ►6. Hydraulic Principles
  • ►1. Open Channel Flow
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Continuity and Velocity
    • ♦Channel Capacity
    • ♦Conveyance
    • ♦Energy Equations
    • ♦Energy Balance Equation
    • ♦Depth of Flow
    • ♦Froude Number
    • ♦Flow Types
    • ♦Cross Sections
    • ♦Roughness Coefficients
    • ♦Subdividing Cross Sections
    • ♦Importance of Correct Subdivision
  • ►2. Flow in Conduits
    • ♦Open Channel Flow or Pressure Flow
    • ►Depth in Conduits
  • ►3. Hydraulic Grade Line Analysis
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Hydraulic Grade Line Considerations
    • ♦Stage versus Discharge Relation
    • ►Conservation of Energy Calculation
• ►7. Channels
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Open Channel Types
    • ♦Methods Used for Depth of Flow Calculations
  • ►2. Stream Channel Planning Considerations and Design Criteria
    • ♦Location Alternative Considerations
    • ♦Phase Planning Assessments
    • ♦Environmental Assessments
    • ♦Consultations with Respective Agencies
    • ♦Stream Channel Criteria
    • ♦Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Requirements
  • ►3. Roadside Channel Design
    • ♦Roadside Channels
    • ♦Channel Linings
    • ♦Rigid versus Flexible Lining
    • ♦Channel Lining Design Procedure
    • ♦Trial Runs
  • ►4. Stream Stability Issues
    • ♦Stream Geomorphology
    • ♦Stream Classification
    • ♦Modification to Meandering
    • ♦Graded Stream and Poised Stream Modification
    • ♦Modification Guidelines
    • ♦Realignment Evaluation Procedure
    • ♦Response Possibilities and Solutions
    • ♦Environmental Mitigation Measures
    • ♦Countermeasures
    • ♦Altered Stream Sinuosity
    • ♦Stabilization and Bank Protection
    • ♦Revetments
  • ►5. Channel Analysis Guidelines
    • ♦Stage-Discharge Relationship
    • ♦Switchback
  • ►6. Channel Analysis Methods
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Slope Conveyance Method
    • ♦Slope Conveyance Procedure
    • ♦Standard Step Backwater Method
    • ♦Standard Step Data Requirements
    • ♦Standard Step Procedure
    • ♦Profile Convergence
    • ♦Example of the Standard Step Method
• ►8. Culverts
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Culvert Design
    • ♦Construction
    • ♦Inlets
  • ►2. Design Considerations
    • ♦Economics
    • ♦Site Data
    • ♦Culvert Location
    • ♦Waterway Data
    • ♦Roadway Data
    • ♦Allowable Headwater
    • ♦Outlet Velocity
    • ♦End Treatments
    • ♦Traffic Safety
    • ♦Culvert Selection
    • ♦Culvert Shapes
    • ♦Multiple Barrel Boxes (or Multiple Boxes)
    • ♦Analysis versus Design
    • ♦Culvert Design Process
    • ♦Design Guidelines and Procedure for Culverts
  • ►3. Hydraulic Operation of Culverts
    • ♦Parameters
    • ♦Headwater under Inlet Control
    • ♦Headwater under Outlet Control
    • ♦Energy Losses through Conduit
    • ♦Free Surface Flow (Type A)
    • ♦Full Flow in Conduit (Type B)
    • ♦Full Flow at Outlet and Free Surface Flow at Inlet (Type BA)
    • ♦Free Surface at Outlet and Full Flow at Inlet (Type AB)
    • ♦Energy Balance at Inlet
    • ♦Slug Flow
    • ♦Determination of Outlet Velocity
    • ♦Depth Estimation Approaches
    • ♦Direct Step Backwater Method
    • ♦Subcritical Flow and Steep Slope
    • ♦Supercritical Flow and Steep Slope
    • ♦Hydraulic Jump in Culverts
    • ♦Sequent Depth
    • ♦Roadway Overtopping
    • ♦Performance Curves
    • ♦Exit Loss Considerations
  • ►4. Improved Inlets
    • ♦Inlet Use
    • ♦Beveled Inlet Edges
    • ♦Flared Entrance Design for Circular Pipe
  • ►5. Velocity Protection and Control Devices
    • ♦Excess Velocity
    • ♦Velocity Protection Devices
    • ♦Velocity Control Devices
    • ♦Broken Back Design and Provisions Procedure
    • ♦Sill Guidelines
    • ♦Energy Dissipators
• ►9. Bridges
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Hydraulically Designed Bridges
  • ►2. Planning and Location Considerations
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦National Objectives
    • ♦Location Selection and Orientation Guidelines
    • ♦Environmental Considerations
    • ♦Coordination with Other Agencies
    • ♦Surface Water Interests
    • ♦Water Resource Development Projects
    • ♦FEMA Designated Floodplains
    • ♦Stream Characteristics
    • ♦Replacement, Repair, and Rehabilitation
    • ♦Procedure to Check Present Adequacy of Methods Used
  • ►3. Bridge Hydraulic Considerations
    • ♦Bridge/Culvert Determination
    • ♦Highway-Stream Crossing Analysis
    • ♦Flow through Bridges
    • ♦Backwater in Subcritical Flow
    • ♦Allowable Backwater Due to Bridges
    • ♦Flow Distribution
    • ♦Velocity
    • ♦Bridge Scour and Stream Degradation
    • ♦Freeboard
    • ♦Roadway/Bridge Profile
    • ♦Crossing Profile
    • ♦Single versus Multiple Openings
    • ♦Factors Affecting Bridge Length
  • ►4. Hydraulics of Bridge Openings
    • ♦Bridge Modeling Philosophy
    • ♦Flow Zones and Energy Losses
    • ♦Extent of Impact Determination
    • ♦Water Surface Profile Calculations
    • ♦Bridge Flow Class
    • ♦Zone 2 Loss Methods
    • ♦ Standard Step Backwater Method (used for Energy Balance Method computations)
    • ♦Momentum Balance Method
    • ♦WSPRO Contraction Loss Method
    • ♦Pressure Flow Method
    • ♦Empirical Energy Loss Method (HDS 1)
    • ♦Two-dimensional Techniques
    • ♦Roadway/Bridge Overflow Calculations
    • ♦Backwater Calculations for Parallel Bridges
  • ►5. Single and Multiple Opening Designs
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Single Opening Design Guidelines
    • ♦Multiple Opening Design Approach
    • ♦Multiple Bridge Design Procedural Flowchart
    • ♦Cumulative Conveyance Curve Construction
    • ♦Bridge Sizing and Energy Grade Levels
    • ♦Freeboard Evaluation
  • ►6. Bridge Scour
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Rates of Scour
    • ♦Scour Components
    • ♦Contraction Scour
    • ♦Live Bed Contraction Scour Equation
    • ♦Clear Water Contraction Scour Equation
    • ♦Local Scour
    • ♦Total Scour Envelope
    • ♦Tidal Scour
    • ♦Unconstricted Waterway Assessment Procedure
    • ♦Procedural Adjustments for Constricted Waterways
    • ♦Other Scour Considerations
  • ►7. Flood Damage Prevention
    • ♦Extent of Flood Damage Prevention Measures
    • ♦Pier Foundations
    • ♦Approach Embankments
    • ♦Abutments
    • ♦Guide Banks (Spur Dikes)
    • ♦Bank Stabilization and River Training Devices
    • ♦Minimization of Hydraulic Forces and Debris Impact on the Superstructure
    • ♦Fender Systems
  • ►8. Risk Assessment
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Purpose of Risk Assessment
    • ♦Risk Assessment Concepts
    • ♦Annual Risk
    • ♦Risk Assessment Forms
  • ►9. Appurtenances
    • ♦Bridge Railing
    • ♦Deck Drainage
• ►10. Storm Drains
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Overview of Urban Drainage Design
    • ♦Overview of Storm Drain Design
  • ►2. System Planning and Design Considerations
    • ♦Design Checklist
    • ♦Problem Identification
    • ♦Schematic
    • ♦Material and Shape Selection
    • ♦Design Criteria
    • ♦Outfall Considerations and Features
    • ♦Special Outfall Appurtenances
    • ♦Utility Conflicts
    • ♦Construction
    • ♦Identification of Other Drainage Facilities
    • ♦Design Documentation
    • ♦Documentation Requirements
  • ►3. Runoff
    • ♦Hydrologic Considerations for Storm Drain Systems
    • ♦Flow Diversions
    • ♦Detention
    • ♦Determination of Runoff
    • ♦Other Hydrologic Methods
  • ►4. Pavement Drainage
    • ♦Design Objectives
    • ♦Ponding
    • ♦Transverse Slopes
    • ♦Use of Rough Pavement Texture
    • ♦Gutter Flow Design Equations
    • ♦Ponding on Continuous Grades
    • ♦Ponding at Approach to Sag Locations
    • ♦Hydroplaning
    • ♦Vehicle Speed in Relation to Hydroplaning
    • ♦Water Depth in Relation to Hydroplaning
  • ►5. Storm Drain Inlets
    • ♦Inlet Types
    • ♦Curb Opening Inlets
    • ♦Grate Inlets
    • ♦Slotted Drains
    • ♦Combination Inlets
    • ♦Inlets in Sag Configurations
    • ♦Median/Ditch Drains
    • ♦Inlet Locations
    • ♦Ponded Width Options
    • ♦Carryover Design Approach
    • ♦Curb Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Curb Inlets in Sag Configuration
    • ♦Slotted Drain Inlet Design
    • ♦Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Bicycle Safety for Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Design Procedure for Grate Inlets On-Grade
    • ♦Design Procedure for Grate Inlets in Sag Configurations
  • ►6. Conduit Systems
    • ♦Conduits
    • ♦Manholes
    • ♦Inverted Siphons
    • ♦Conduit Capacity Equations
    • ♦Conduit Design Procedure
    • ♦Conduit Analysis
  • ►7. Conduit Systems Energy Losses
    • ♦Minor Energy Loss Attributions
    • ♦Junction Loss Equation
    • ♦Exit Loss Equation
    • ♦Manhole Loss Equations
• ►11. Pump Stations
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Purpose of Pump Stations
    • ♦Security and Access Considerations
    • ♦Safety and Environmental Considerations
  • ►2. Pump Station Components
    • ♦Overview
  • ►3. Pump Station Hydrology
    • ♦Methods for Design
  • ►4. Pump Station Design Procedure
    • ♦Design Guidelines
    • ♦Pump Characteristics
    • ♦Hydraulic Design Procedure
    • ♦Average Pump Capacity Requirements
    • ♦Pump Sizes
• ►12. Reservoirs
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Function of Reservoirs
    • ♦Impact of Reservoirs on Highways
  • ►2. Coordination with Other Agencies
    • ♦Reservoir Agencies
    • ♦TxDOT Coordination
  • ►3. Reservoir Design Factors
    • ♦Hydrology Methods
    • ♦Flood Storage Potential
    • ♦Reservoir Discharge Facilities
  • ►4. Reservoirs Upstream of Highway
    • ♦Peak Discharge
    • ♦Design Adequacy
    • ♦Future Liability
  • ►5. Criteria for Highways Upstream of Dams
    • ♦New Location Highways
    • ♦Adjustments to Existing Highways
    • ♦Minimum Top Establishment
    • ♦Basis for Minimum Embankment Elevation
    • ♦Structure Location
    • ♦Embankment Protection
  • ►6. Embankment Protection
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Rock Riprap
    • ♦Soil-Cement Riprap
    • ♦Articulated Riprap
    • ♦Concrete Riprap
    • ♦Vegetation
• ►13. Storm Water Management
  • ►1. Introduction
    • ♦Storm Water Management and Best Management Practices
    • ♦Requirements for Construction Activities
    • ♦Storm Drain Systems Requirements
  • ►2. Soil Erosion Control Considerations
    • ♦Erosion Process
    • ♦Natural Drainage Patterns
    • ♦Stream Crossings
    • ♦Encroachments on Streams
    • ♦Public and Industrial Water Supplies and Watershed Areas
    • ♦Geology and Soils
    • ♦Coordination with Other Agencies
    • ♦Roadway Guidelines
    • ♦Severe Erosion Prevention in Earth Slopes
    • ♦Channel and Chute Design
  • ►3. Inspection and Maintenance of Erosion Control Measures
    • ♦Inspections
    • ♦Embankments and Cut Slopes
    • ♦Channels
    • ♦Repair to Storm Damage
    • ♦Erosion/Scour Problem Documentation
  • ►4. Quantity Management
    • ♦Impacts of Increased Runoff
    • ♦Storm Water Quantity Management Practices
• ►14. Conduit Strength and Durability
  • ►1. Conduit Durability
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Service Life
  • ►2. Estimated Service Life
    • ♦Corrugated Metal Pipe and Structural Plate
    • ♦Corrugated Steel Pipe and Steel Structural Plate
    • ♦Exterior Coating
    • ♦Corrugated Aluminum Pipe and Aluminum Structural Plate
    • ♦Post-applied Coatings and Pre-coated Coatings
    • ♦Paving and Lining
    • ♦Reinforced Concrete
    • ♦Plastic Pipe
  • ►3. Installation Conditions
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Trench
    • ♦Positive Projecting (Embankment)
    • ♦Negative Projecting (Embankment)
    • ♦Imperfect Trench
    • ♦Bedding for Pipe Conduits
  • ►4. Structural Characteristics
    • ♦Introduction
    • ♦Corrugated Metal Pipe Strength
    • ♦Concrete Pipe Strength
    • ♦High Strength Reinforced Concrete Pipe
    • ♦Recommended RCP Strength Specifications
    • ♦Strength for Jacked Pipe
    • ♦Reinforced Concrete Box
    • ♦Plastic Pipe

Manual Notice: 2009-1

From: Mark A. Marek, P.E.

Manual: Hydraulic Design Manual

Effective Date: March 01, 2009

Purpose

This revision is intended to update the Hydraulic Design Manual, specifically to include TxDOT’s Nondiscrimination Policy.

Contact

Address questions concerning the information contained in this manual to the Roadway Design Section in the Design Division.

Copyright Notice

This Hydraulic Design Manual and all future revisions: Copyright ©2009 by Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Published by the Design Division (DES). All rights reserved.

Archives

Past manual notices are available in a PDF archive.